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Learning Objectives
- To understand the relationship between cell potential and the equilibrium constant.
- To use cell potentials to calculate solution concentrations.
Changes in reaction conditions can have a tremendous effect on the course of a redox reaction. For example, under standard conditions, the reaction of \(\ce{Co(s)}\) with \(\ce{Ni^{2+}(aq)}\) to form \(\ce{Ni(s)}\) and \(\ce{Co^{2+}(aq)}\) occurs spontaneously, but if we reduce the concentration of \(\ce{Ni^{2+}}\) by a factor of 100, so that \(\ce{[Ni^{2+}]}\) is 0.01 M, then the reverse reaction occurs spontaneously instead. The relationship between voltage and concentration is one of the factors that must be understood to predict whether a reaction will be spontaneous.
The Relationship between Cell Potential & Gibbs Energy
Electrochemical cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy and vice versa. The total amount of energy produced by an electrochemical cell, and thus the amount of energy available to do electrical work, depends on both the cell potential and the total number of electrons that are transferred from the reductant to the oxidant during the course of a reaction. The resulting electric current is measured in coulombs (C), an SI unit that measures the number of electrons passing a given point in 1 s. A coulomb relates energy (in joules) to electrical potential (in volts). Electric current is measured in amperes (A); 1 A is defined as the flow of 1 C/s past a given point (1 C = 1 A·s):
\[\dfrac{\textrm{1 J}}{\textrm{1 V}}=\textrm{1 C}=\mathrm{A\cdot s} \label{20.5.1} \]
In chemical reactions, however, we need to relate the coulomb to the charge on a mole of electrons. Multiplying the charge on the electron by Avogadro’s number gives us the charge on 1 mol of electrons, which is called the faraday (F), named after the English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday (1791–1867):
\[\begin{align}F &=(1.60218\times10^{-19}\textrm{ C})\left(\dfrac{6.02214 \times 10^{23}\, J}{\textrm{1 mol e}^-}\right)
\\[4pt] &=9.64833212\times10^4\textrm{ C/mol e}^- \\[4pt] &\simeq 96,485\, J/(\mathrm{V\cdot mol\;e^-})\end{align} \label{20.5.2} \]
The total charge transferred from the reductant to the oxidant is therefore \(nF\), where \(n\) is the number of moles of electrons.
Michael Faraday (1791–1867)
Faraday was a British physicist and chemist who was arguably one of the greatest experimental scientists in history. The son of a blacksmith, Faraday was self-educated and became an apprentice bookbinder at age 14 before turning to science. His experiments in electricity and magnetism made electricity a routine tool in science and led to both the electric motor and the electric generator. He discovered the phenomenon of electrolysis and laid the foundations of electrochemistry. In fact, most of the specialized terms introduced in this chapter (electrode, anode, cathode, and so forth) are due to Faraday. In addition, he discovered benzene and invented the system of oxidation state numbers that we use today. Faraday is probably best known for “The Chemical History of a Candle,” a series of public lectures on the chemistry and physics of flames.
The maximum amount of work that can be produced by an electrochemical cell (\(w_{max}\)) is equal to the product of the cell potential (\(E^°_{cell}\)) and the total charge transferred during the reaction (\(nF\)):
\[ w_{max} = nFE_{cell} \label{20.5.3} \]
Work is expressed as a negative number because work is being done by a system (an electrochemical cell with a positive potential) on its surroundings.
The change in free energy (\(\Delta{G}\)) is also a measure of the maximum amount of work that can be performed during a chemical process (\(ΔG = w_{max}\)). Consequently, there must be a relationship between the potential of an electrochemical cell and \(\Delta{G}\); this relationship is as follows:
\[\Delta{G} = −nFE_{cell} \label{20.5.4} \]
A spontaneous redox reaction is therefore characterized by a negative value of \(\Delta{G}\) and a positive value of \(E^°_{cell}\), consistent with our earlier discussions. When both reactants and products are in their standard states, the relationship between ΔG° and \(E^°_{cell}\) is as follows:
\[\Delta{G^°} = −nFE^°_{cell} \label{20.5.5} \]
A spontaneous redox reaction is characterized by a negative value of ΔG°, which corresponds to a positive value of E°cell.
Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)
Suppose you want to prepare elemental bromine from bromide using the dichromate ion as an oxidant. Using the data in Table P2, calculate the free-energy change (ΔG°) for this redox reaction under standard conditions. Is the reaction spontaneous?
Given: redox reaction
Asked for: \(ΔG^o\) for the reaction and spontaneity
Strategy:
- From the relevant half-reactions and the corresponding values of \(E^o\), write the overall reaction and calculate \(E^°_{cell}\).
- Determine the number of electrons transferred in the overall reaction. Then use Equation \ref{20.5.5} to calculate \(ΔG^o\). If \(ΔG^o\) is negative, then the reaction is spontaneous.
Solution
A
As always, the first step is to write the relevant half-reactions and use them to obtain the overall reaction and the magnitude of \(E^o\). From Table P2, we can find the reduction and oxidation half-reactions and corresponding \(E^o\) values:
\[\begin{align*}
& \textrm{cathode:} &\quad & \mathrm{Cr_2O_7^{2-}(aq)} + \mathrm{14H^+(aq)}+\mathrm{6e^-}\rightarrow \mathrm{2Cr^{3+}(aq)} +\mathrm{7H_2O(l)}
&\quad & E^\circ_{\textrm{cathode}} =\textrm{1.36 V} \\
& \textrm{anode:} &\quad & \mathrm{2Br^{-}(aq)} \rightarrow \mathrm{Br_2(aq)} +\mathrm{2e^-}
&\quad & E^\circ_{\textrm{anode}} =\textrm{1.09 V}
\end{align*} \nonumber \]
To obtain the overall balanced chemical equation, we must multiply both sides of the oxidation half-reaction by 3 to obtain the same number of electrons as in the reduction half-reaction, remembering that the magnitude of \(E^o\) is not affected:
\[\begin{align*}
& \textrm{cathode:} &\quad & \mathrm{Cr_2O_7^{2-}(aq)} + \mathrm{14H^+(aq)}+\mathrm{6e^-}\rightarrow \mathrm{2Cr^{3+}(aq)} +\mathrm{7H_2O(l)}
&\quad & E^\circ_{\textrm{cathode}} =\textrm{1.36 V} \\[4pt]
& \textrm{anode:} &\quad & \mathrm{6Br^{-}(aq)} \rightarrow \mathrm{3Br_2(aq)} +\mathrm{6e^-}
&\quad & E^\circ_{\textrm{anode}} =\textrm{1.09 V} \\[4pt] \hline
& \textrm{overall:} &\quad & \mathrm{Cr_2O_7^{2-}(aq)} + \mathrm{6Br^{-}(aq)} + \mathrm{14H^+(aq)} \rightarrow \mathrm{2Cr^{3+}(aq)} + \mathrm{3Br_2(aq)} +\mathrm{7H_2O(l)}
&\quad & E^\circ_{\textrm{cell}} =\textrm{0.27 V}
\end{align*} \nonumber \]
B
We can now calculate ΔG° using Equation \(\ref{20.5.5}\). Because six electrons are transferred in the overall reaction, the value of \(n\) is 6:
\[\begin{align*}\Delta G^\circ &=-(n)(F)(E^\circ_{\textrm{cell}}) \\[4pt] & =-(\textrm{6 mole})[96,485\;\mathrm{J/(V\cdot mol})(\textrm{0.27 V})] \\& =-15.6 \times 10^4\textrm{ J} \\ & =-156\;\mathrm{kJ/mol\;Cr_2O_7^{2-}} \end{align*} \nonumber \]
Thus \(ΔG^o\) is −168 kJ/mol for the reaction as written, and the reaction is spontaneous.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
Use the data in Table P2 to calculate \(ΔG^o\) for the reduction of ferric ion by iodide:
\[\ce{2Fe^{3+}(aq) + 2I^{−}(aq) → 2Fe^{2+}(aq) + I2(s)}\nonumber \]
Is the reaction spontaneous?
- Answer
-
−44 kJ/mol I2; yes
Relating G and Ecell: Relating G and Ecell(opens in new window) [youtu.be]
Potentials for the Sums of Half-Reactions
Although Table P2 list several half-reactions, many more are known. When the standard potential for a half-reaction is not available, we can use relationships between standard potentials and free energy to obtain the potential of any other half-reaction that can be written as the sum of two or more half-reactions whose standard potentials are available. For example, the potential for the reduction of \(\ce{Fe^{3+}(aq)}\) to \(\ce{Fe(s)}\) is not listed in the table, but two related reductions are given:
\[\ce{Fe^{3+}(aq) + e^{−} -> Fe^{2+}(aq)} \;\;\;E^° = +0.77 V \label{20.5.6} \]
\[\ce{Fe^{2+}(aq) + 2e^{−} -> Fe(s)} \;\;\;E^° = −0.45 V \label{20.5.7} \]
Although the sum of these two half-reactions gives the desired half-reaction, we cannot simply add the potentials of two reductive half-reactions to obtain the potential of a third reductive half-reaction because \(E^o\) is not a state function. However, because \(ΔG^o\) is a state function, the sum of the \(ΔG^o\) values for the individual reactions gives us \(ΔG^o\) for the overall reaction, which is proportional to both the potential and the number of electrons (\(n\)) transferred. To obtain the value of \(E^o\) for the overall half-reaction, we first must add the values of \(ΔG^o (= −nFE^o)\) for each individual half-reaction to obtain \(ΔG^o\) for the overall half-reaction:
\[\begin{align*}\ce{Fe^{3+}(aq)} + \ce{e^-} &\rightarrow \ce\mathrm{Fe^{2+}(aq)} &\quad \Delta G^\circ &=-(1)(F)(\textrm{0.77 V})\\[4pt]
\ce{Fe^{2+}(aq)}+\ce{2e^-} &\rightarrow\ce{Fe(s)} &\quad\Delta G^\circ &=-(2)(F)(-\textrm{0.45 V})\\[4pt]
\ce{Fe^{3+}(aq)}+\ce{3e^-} &\rightarrow \ce{Fe(s)} &\quad\Delta G^\circ & =[-(1)(F)(\textrm{0.77 V})]+[-(2)(F)(-\textrm{0.45 V})] \end{align*} \nonumber \]
Solving the last expression for ΔG° for the overall half-reaction,
\[\Delta{G^°} = F[(−0.77 V) + (−2)(−0.45 V)] = F(0.13 V) \label{20.5.9} \]
Three electrons (\(n = 3\)) are transferred in the overall reaction, so substituting into Equation \(\ref{20.5.5}\) and solving for \(E^o\) gives the following:
\[\begin{align*}\Delta G^\circ & =-nFE^\circ_{\textrm{cell}} \\[4pt]
F(\textrm{0.13 V}) & =-(3)(F)(E^\circ_{\textrm{cell}}) \\[4pt]
E^\circ & =-\dfrac{0.13\textrm{ V}}{3}=-0.043\textrm{ V}\end{align*} \nonumber \]
This value of \(E^o\) is very different from the value that is obtained by simply adding the potentials for the two half-reactions (0.32 V) and even has the opposite sign.
Values of \(E^o\) for half-reactions cannot be added to give \(E^o\) for the sum of the half-reactions; only values of \(ΔG^o = −nFE^°_{cell}\) for half-reactions can be added.
The Relationship between Cell Potential & the Equilibrium Constant
We can use the relationship between \(\Delta{G^°}\) and the equilibrium constant \(K\), to obtain a relationship between \(E^°_{cell}\) and \(K\). Recall that for a general reaction of the type \(aA + bB \rightarrow cC + dD\), the standard free-energy change and the equilibrium constant are related by the following equation:
\[\Delta{G°} = −RT \ln K \label{20.5.10} \]
Given the relationship between the standard free-energy change and the standard cell potential (Equation \(\ref{20.5.5}\)), we can write
\[−nFE^°_{cell} = −RT \ln K \label{20.5.12} \]
Rearranging this equation,
\[E^\circ_{\textrm{cell}}= \left( \dfrac{RT}{nF} \right) \ln K \label{20.5.12B} \]
For \(T = 298\, K\), Equation \(\ref{20.5.12B}\) can be simplified as follows:
\[ \begin{align} E^\circ_{\textrm{cell}} &=\left(\dfrac{RT}{nF}\right)\ln K \\[4pt] &=\left[ \dfrac{[8.314\;\mathrm{J/(mol\cdot K})(\textrm{298 K})]}{n[96,485\;\mathrm{J/(V\cdot mol)}]}\right]2.303 \log K \\[4pt] &=\left(\dfrac{\textrm{0.0592 V}}{n}\right)\log K \label{20.5.13} \end{align} \]
Thus \(E^°_{cell}\) is directly proportional to the logarithm of the equilibrium constant. This means that large equilibrium constants correspond to large positive values of \(E^°_{cell}\) and vice versa.
Example \(\PageIndex{2}\)
Use the data in Table P2 to calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction of metallic lead with PbO2 in the presence of sulfate ions to give PbSO4 under standard conditions. (This reaction occurs when a car battery is discharged.) Report your answer to two significant figures.
Given: redox reaction
Asked for: \(K\)
Strategy:
- Write the relevant half-reactions and potentials. From these, obtain the overall reaction and \(E^o_{cell}\).
- Determine the number of electrons transferred in the overall reaction. Use Equation \(\ref{20.5.13}\) to solve for \(\log K\) and then \(K\).
Solution
A The relevant half-reactions and potentials from Table P2 are as follows:
\[\begin{align*} & \textrm {cathode:}
& & \mathrm{PbO_2(s)}+\mathrm{SO_4^{2-}(aq)}+\mathrm{4H^+(aq)}+\mathrm{2e^-}\rightarrow\mathrm{PbSO_4(s)}+\mathrm{2H_2O(l)}
& & E^\circ_\textrm{cathode}=\textrm{1.69 V} \\[4pt]
& \textrm{anode:}
& & \mathrm{Pb(s)}+\mathrm{SO_4^{2-}(aq)}\rightarrow\mathrm{PbSO_4(s)}+\mathrm{2e^-}
& & E^\circ_\textrm{anode}=-\textrm{0.36 V} \\[4pt] \hline
& \textrm {overall:}
& & \mathrm{Pb(s)}+\mathrm{PbO_2(s)}+\mathrm{2SO_4^{2-}(aq)}+\mathrm{4H^+(aq)}\rightarrow\mathrm{2PbSO_4(s)}+\mathrm{2H_2O(l)}
& & E^\circ_\textrm{cell}=\textrm{2.05 V} \end{align*} \nonumber \]
B Two electrons are transferred in the overall reaction, so \(n = 2\). Solving Equation \(\ref{20.5.13}\) for log K and inserting the values of \(n\) and \(E^o\),
\[\begin{align*}\log K & =\dfrac{nE^\circ}{\textrm{0.0591 V}}=\dfrac{2(\textrm{2.05 V})}{\textrm{0.0591 V}}=69.37 \\[4pt]
K & =2.3\times10^{69}\end{align*} \nonumber \]
Thus the equilibrium lies far to the right, favoring a discharged battery (as anyone who has ever tried unsuccessfully to start a car after letting it sit for a long time will know).
Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\)
Use the data in Table P2 to calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction of \(\ce{Sn^{2+}(aq)}\) with oxygen to produce \(\ce{Sn^{4+}(aq)}\) and water under standard conditions. Report your answer to two significant figures. The reaction is as follows:
\[\ce{2Sn^{2+}(aq) + O2(g) + 4H^{+}(aq) <=> 2Sn^{4+}(aq) + 2H2O(l)} \nonumber \]
- Answer
-
\(5.7 \times 10^{72}\)
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) summarizes the relationships that we have developed based on properties of the system—that is, based on the equilibrium constant, standard free-energy change, and standard cell potential—and the criteria for spontaneity (ΔG° < 0). Unfortunately, these criteria apply only to systems in which all reactants and products are present in their standard states, a situation that is seldom encountered in the real world. A more generally useful relationship between cell potential and reactant and product concentrations, as we are about to see, uses the relationship between \(\Delta{G}\) and the reaction quotient \(Q\).

Electrode Potentials and ECell: Electrode Potentials and Ecell(opens in new window) [youtu.be]
Summary
A coulomb (C) relates electrical potential, expressed in volts, and energy, expressed in joules. The current generated from a redox reaction is measured in amperes (A), where 1 A is defined as the flow of 1 C/s past a given point. The faraday (F) is Avogadro’s number multiplied by the charge on an electron and corresponds to the charge on 1 mol of electrons. The product of the cell potential and the total charge is the maximum amount of energy available to do work, which is related to the change in free energy that occurs during the chemical process. Adding together the ΔG values for the half-reactions gives ΔG for the overall reaction, which is proportional to both the potential and the number of electrons (n) transferred. Spontaneous redox reactions have a negative ΔG and therefore a positive Ecell. Because the equilibrium constant K is related to ΔG, E°cell and K are also related. Large equilibrium constants correspond to large positive values of E°.
FAQs
How do you calculate E cell and Gibbs free energy? ›
Relation between Electrochemical Cell Potential and Gibbs free Energy change is given by; Δ G = -nFE where Delta G is Gibbs Free energy change , n is the number of electrons involved in the reaction and F is Faraday and E is the Cell potential.
What is Gibbs free energy answers? ›Gibbs free energy is equal to the enthalpy of the system minus the product of the temperature and entropy. The equation is given as: G = H – TS. Where, G = Gibbs free energy.
What is the formula for Gibbs energy for cell reaction? ›The standard Gibbs energy for the given cell reaction in kJ mol−1 at 298K is:Zn(s)+Cu2+(aq)→Zn2+(aq)+Cu(s)
How do you calculate e cell value? ›The overall cell potential can be calculated by using the equation E0cell=E0red−E0oxid.
How do you calculate Gibbs phase rule? ›The Gibbs phase rule p+n=c+1 gives the relationship between the number of phases p and components c in a given alloy under equilibrium conditions at constant pressure, where n is the number of thermodynamic degrees of freedom in the system.
How do you calculate e energy? ›The formula for energy in terms of charge and potential difference is E = QV. So 1 eV = (1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs)x(1 volt) = 1.6 x 10^-19 Joules.
How do you find Gibbs free energy experiment? ›Chemists normally measure energy (both enthalpy and Gibbs free energy) in kJ mol-1 (kilojoules per mole) but measure entropy in J K-1 mol-1 (joules per kelvin per mole). So it is necessary to convert the units, usually by dividing the entropy values by 1000 so that they are measured in kJ K-1 mol-1.
What is an example of Gibbs free energy? ›Gibbs Free Energy Example
The reaction between sodium chloride and water is considered a spontaneous reaction and will have a negative ΔG Δ G . This is seen in the reaction.
What is Gibbs Free Energy? For a simple definition, Gibbs free energy can be described as the amount of energy available to do work. Gibbs free energy is used to predict whether a chemical process is spontaneous or non-spontaneous.
What is Gibbs free energy quizlet? ›Gibbs Free Energy. The energy associated with a chemical reaction. Spontaneous.
What is cell reaction equation? ›
Cell reaction describes the overall reaction of any electrochemical cell. Its reaction equation is an addition of the equation for two electrode reactions with the cancellation of electrodes. Cell reactions mainly work on the assumption that the right-hand electrode is cathode and the left-hand electrode is anode.
How does voltage relate to free energy? ›The potential or voltage or EMF or whatever you prefer to call it is a measure of the free energy of the reaction. This is because the difference in free energy between the reactant and the products directly corresponds to the electrical potential of the cell.
What is free Gibbs formula? ›All elements in their standard states (diatomic oxygen gas, graphite, etc.) have standard Gibbs free energy change of formation equal to zero, as there is no change involved. ΔfG = ΔfG˚ + RT ln Qf, where Qf is the reaction quotient.
Is Delta G equal to nFE? ›The standard potential, E°, for a redox reaction is related to the standard change in free energy, ΔG°, for the reaction by the equation ΔG° = -nFE°. When E° > 0, ΔG° < 0, and the reaction is thermodynamically favored.
What is the formula for Gibbs free energy nFE? ›ΔG° = - nFE°cell
The terms: ΔG° is the standard Gibbs free energy change. n is the number of electrons transferred in the reaction. F is the Faraday constant, 96500 coulombs mol-1.